Lance Armstrong, siebenfacher Gewinner der Tour de France und Ikone des us-amerikanischen Sports gibt auf. Nachdem ihm ein Richter in den USA den Gang von ein us-anerikanisches Gericht versagt hatte, verzichtet der ehemalige Top-Triathlet auf die Anhörung vor einem Aussschuss von USA Antidpoing (USADA). In einem Schreiben an die Nachrichenagentur AP*1 wiederholt Armstrong seine Vorwürfe, indem er eine Hexenjagd anprangert, die Zuständigkeit der USADA in dem Fall anzweifelt, etc.
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| Die lebenslange Sperre und die Aberkennung seiner sieben Toure de France Titel stehen Lance Armstrong noch bevor. Photo: Daniel Norton |
Formal kann der internationale Fachverband Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) noch das Sportsschiedsgericht Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) anrufen und ggf. bei einer Niederlage als allerletzte Instanz ein ordentlicher Schweizer Gericht anrufen. Die UCI hatte sich zuletzt stark für Armstrong gemacht und die Zuständigkeit der USADA angegriffen. Die UCI steht selbst in der Kritik, weil eine dokumentierte Zahlung von Armstrong an die UCI in sechsstelliger Höhe erfolgt ist. Kritiker sehen die Zahlung als Schweigegeld nach einem angeblichen positiven Dopingtest Armstrongs bei einem Radrennen in der Schweiz, der nicht weiter sanktiniert oder verfolgt worden sei.
Mit dem Verzicht ist sein geplanter Start beim Ironman Hawaii Triathlon endgültig Geschichte. Der Anti-Doping Code der ausrichtenden World Triathlon Corporation (WTC) sieht keinen Start für einen lebenslanggesperrten Athleten (einer anderen Sportart) vor. Sehr wahrscheinlich wird die USADA neben der Sperre versuchen die 7 Titel der Tour de France abzuerkennen. Nutznießer könnte Jan Ullrich sein, ebenfalls wegen Doping zeitweise gesperrt. Der Texaner könnte neben vielen anderen Titeln auch die Bronzemedaille der Olympischen Spiele aberkannt bekommen und sich zudem Rückforderungen von Preisgeldern und Prämien ausgesetzt sehen.
Mit dem Verzicht ist sein geplanter Start beim Ironman Hawaii Triathlon endgültig Geschichte. Der Anti-Doping Code der ausrichtenden World Triathlon Corporation (WTC) sieht keinen Start für einen lebenslanggesperrten Athleten (einer anderen Sportart) vor. Sehr wahrscheinlich wird die USADA neben der Sperre versuchen die 7 Titel der Tour de France abzuerkennen. Nutznießer könnte Jan Ullrich sein, ebenfalls wegen Doping zeitweise gesperrt. Der Texaner könnte neben vielen anderen Titeln auch die Bronzemedaille der Olympischen Spiele aberkannt bekommen und sich zudem Rückforderungen von Preisgeldern und Prämien ausgesetzt sehen.
Armstrong möchte [auch unter finanziellen Aspekten] seine Energien zukünftig auf seine Stiftung Livestrong konzentrieren, deren Einnahmen jedoch massiv von der Popularität Armstrongs abhängen und die quasi eine untrennbare Synergie mit ihrem wichtigsten Werbeträger und Markenbotschafter eingegangen ist und dafür in der Kritik*2 steht.
"In einem jeden Leben gelangt man einmal an den Punkt, an dem man sagen muss: Genug ist genug. Für mich ist diese Zeit jetzt gekommen. Ich habe mich mit Vorwürfen herumschlagen müssen, wonach ich betrogen und mir einen unfairen Vorteil bei meinen sieben Tour-Siegen seit 1999 verschafft haben soll. Dies hat meiner Familie, der Arbeit mit meiner Stiftung und mir einen zu hohen Zoll abverlangt und bringt mich heute an den Punkt, mit diesem Unsinn abzuschließen.
Ich hatte gehofft, dass ein Bundesgericht die Farce der US-Anti-Doping-Agentur Usada beendet. Auch wenn das Gericht mein Anliegen verstanden sowie die vielen Unstimmigkeiten und Fehler im Vorgehen der Usada erkannt hatte, kann es in diese Gelegenheit nicht einschreiten.
Wenn ich die Möglichkeit sehen würde, den Vorwürfen in einem fairen Rahmen entgegenzutreten, hätte ich diese Chance genutzt, um die Sache ein für alle Mal zu beenden. Aber ich weigere mich, an diesem Verfahren teilzunehmen, das so einseitig und unfair geführt wird. Trotz der Aussagen von Travis Tygart gibt es absolut keine Beweise für seine bizarren und abscheulichen Vorwürfe. Die einzigen Beweise sind die zahlreichen Dopingkontrollen, welchen ich mich unterzogen habe. Ich war rund um die Uhr an jedem Ort der Welt für sie verfügbar. Im Wettbewerb, außerhalb davon. Blut. Urin. Egal, nach was sie gefragt hatten, ich stellte es zur Verfügung. Wo ist der Sinn, wenn die Usada im Endeffekt nicht zu ihren Regeln steht?
Von Beginn an hat diese Untersuchung nicht dazu gedient, die Wahrheit zu erforschen und den Radsport zu säubern, sondern mich um jeden Preis zu bestrafen. Angesehene Verbände wie der Radsport-Weltverband UCI oder der US-amerikanische Radsport-Verband haben bestätigt, dass der Usada die Beweislage für diese Vorwürfe fehlt. Die internationalen Radsport-Verbände haben die Usada aufgefordert, damit aufzuhören.
Gleichzeitig haben sie klargestellt, dass die Erklärungen der Usada, in denen sie Leute lebenslang sperren und ihnen die Erfolge aberkennen, haltlos sind. Und wie viele andere, unter anderem auch die Schlichter der Usada, haben auch sie den Eindruck, dass in diesem Prozess nicht fair gehandelt wurde. Die Usada hat das Gesetz gebrochen, es auf seine Vorstellungen zugeschnitten und sich auf Personen versteift, die ihre Arbeit loben und honorieren.
An vielen Punkten hat sich die Usada wie ein Rüpel verhalten. In den vergangenen zwei Monaten hatte sie immer wieder gesagt, dass es für alle nachvollziehbare Gesetze geben muss. Aber sie haben sich arrogant dem verwehrt, was sie gepriesen haben. Und zu guter Letzt hat sie mit Radfahrern zusammengearbeitet, die mich beschuldigen und die eigenen Regeln umgehen. Viele dieser Fahrer sind heute noch aktiv.
Die Tatsache, dass Athleten ohne positive A- und B-Probe im gleichen Maße beschuldigt werden wie Profis mit positiven Tests, pervertiert das System und ermöglicht einen Prozess, in dem jeder widerwillige Ex-Teamkollege bei der Usada zu seinen Gunsten einen neuen Fall melden kann. Es ist ein unfairer Angriff. Es ist einfach nicht richtig.
Die Usada kann nicht die Kontrolle über einen internationalen Profisport übernehmen und mir die sieben Tour-Titel aberkennen. Ich weiß, wer diese Titel gewonnen hat, meine Teamkollegen wissen es und auch die früheren Konkurrenten wissen es. Wir sind alle zusammen gefahren. Drei Wochen lang über dieselben Straßen und die gleichen Berge. Es gab keine Abkürzungen, keine spezielle Behandlung, immer dieselben Routen und Regeln. Das härteste Rennen der Welt, das der stärkste Mann gewinnt. Niemand kann dies jemals ändern, schon gar nicht Travis Tygart.
Ich werde dieses Thema nicht weiter ansprechen. Ich werde die Arbeit fortsetzen, die ich bereits vor einem ersten Tour-Sieg begonnen hatte: Menschen und Familien helfen, die an Krebs leiden. Im Oktober feiert meine Stiftung ihr 15-jähriges Bestehen. Wir haben eine Menge Arbeit vor uns, und ich freue mich, dass diese sinnlose Störung jetzt ein Ende hat. Ich habe eine Verantwortung den Menschen gegenüber, die ihre Zeit und Kraft in die Krebssache stecken. Ich werde nicht aufhören, für diese Mission zu kämpfen. Ich werde meine fünf schönen Kinder aufwachsen sehen und versuchen, der fitteste 40-Jährige der Welt zu sein."
Lance Armstrong's Statement of August 23, 2012
"There comes a point in every man's life when he has to say, "Enough is enough." For me, that time is now. I have been dealing with claims that I cheated and had an unfair advantage in winning my seven Tours since 1999. Over the past three years, I have been subjected to a two-year federal criminal investigation followed by Travis Tygart's unconstitutional witch hunt. The toll this has taken on my family, and my work for our foundation and on me leads me to where I am today – finished with this nonsense.
I had hoped that a federal court would stop USADA’s charade. Although the court was sympathetic to my concerns and recognized the many improprieties and deficiencies in USADA’s motives, its conduct, and its process, the court ultimately decided that it could not intervene.
If I thought for one moment that by participating in USADA’s process, I could confront these allegations in a fair setting and – once and for all – put these charges to rest, I would jump at the chance. But I refuse to participate in a process that is so one-sided and unfair. Regardless of what Travis Tygart says, there is zero physical evidence to support his outlandish and heinous claims. The only physical evidence here is the hundreds of controls I have passed with flying colors. I made myself available around the clock and around the world. In-competition. Out of competition. Blood. Urine. Whatever they asked for I provided. What is the point of all this testing if, in the end, USADA will not stand by it?
From the beginning, however, this investigation has not been about learning the truth or cleaning up cycling, but about punishing me at all costs. I am a retired cyclist, yet USADA has lodged charges over 17 years old despite its own 8-year limitation. As respected organizations such as UCI and USA Cycling have made clear, USADA lacks jurisdiction even to bring these charges. The international bodies governing cycling have ordered USADA to stop, have given notice that no one should participate in USADA’s improper proceedings, and have made it clear the pronouncements by USADA that it has banned people for life or stripped them of their accomplishments are made without authority. And as many others, including USADA’s own arbitrators, have found, there is nothing even remotely fair about its process. USADA has broken the law, turned its back on its own rules, and stiff-armed those who have tried to persuade USADA to honor its obligations. At every turn, USADA has played the role of a bully, threatening everyone in its way and challenging the good faith of anyone who questions its motives or its methods, all at U.S. taxpayers’ expense. For the last two months, USADA has endlessly repeated the mantra that there should be a single set of rules, applicable to all, but they have arrogantly refused to practice what they preach. On top of all that, USADA has allegedly made deals with other riders that circumvent their own rules as long as they said I cheated. Many of those riders continue to race today.
The bottom line is I played by the rules that were put in place by the UCI, WADA and USADA when I raced. The idea that athletes can be convicted today without positive A and B samples, under the same rules and procedures that apply to athletes with positive tests, perverts the system and creates a process where any begrudged ex-teammate can open a USADA case out of spite or for personal gain or a cheating cyclist can cut a sweetheart deal for themselves. It’s an unfair approach, applied selectively, in opposition to all the rules. It’s just not right.
USADA cannot assert control of a professional international sport and attempt to strip my seven Tour de France titles. I know who won those seven Tours, my teammates know who won those seven Tours, and everyone I competed against knows who won those seven Tours. We all raced together. For three weeks over the same roads, the same mountains, and against all the weather and elements that we had to confront. There were no shortcuts, there was no special treatment. The same courses, the same rules. The toughest event in the world where the strongest man wins. Nobody can ever change that. Especially not Travis Tygart.
Today I turn the page. I will no longer address this issue, regardless of the circumstances. I will commit myself to the work I began before ever winning a single Tour de France title: serving people and families affected by cancer, especially those in underserved communities. This October, my Foundation will celebrate 15 years of service to cancer survivors and the milestone of raising nearly $500 million. We have a lot of work to do and I'm looking forward to an end to this pointless distraction. I have a responsibility to all those who have stepped forward to devote their time and energy to the cancer cause. I will not stop fighting for that mission. Going forward, I am going to devote myself to raising my five beautiful (and energetic) kids, fighting cancer, and attempting to be the fittest 40-year old on the planet."
24.08.2012: Lance Armstrong Receives Lifetime Ban And Disqualification Of Competitive Results For Doping Violations Stemming From His Involvement In The United States Postal Service Pro-Cycling Team Doping Conspiracy
USADA announced today that Lance Armstrong has chosen not to move forward with the independent arbitration process and as a result has received a lifetime period of ineligibility and disqualification of all competitive results from August 1, 1998 through the present, as the result of his anti-doping rule violations stemming from his involvement in the United States Postal Service (USPS) Cycling Team Doping Conspiracy (USPS Conspiracy).
Following the dismissal of Mr. Armstrong’s lawsuit on Monday, August 20, 2012, by the federal court in Austin, Texas, Mr. Armstrong had until midnight on Thursday, August 23, to contest the evidence against him in a full evidentiary hearing with neutral arbitrators as provided by U.S. law. However, when given the opportunity to challenge the evidence against him, and with full knowledge of the consequences, Mr. Armstrong chose not to contest the fact that he engaged in doping violations from at least August 1, 1998 and participated in a conspiracy to cover up his actions. As a result of Mr. Armstrong’s decision, USADA is required under the applicable rules, including the World Anti-Doping Code under which he is accountable, to disqualify his competitive results and suspend him from all future competition.
“Nobody wins when an athlete decides to cheat with dangerous performance enhancing drugs, but clean athletes at every level expect those of us here on their behalf, to pursue the truth to ensure the win-at-all-cost culture does not permanently overtake fair, honest competition” said USADA CEO, Travis T. Tygart. “Any time we have overwhelming proof of doping, our mandate is to initiate the case through the process and see it to conclusion as was done in this case.”
As is every athlete’s right, if Mr. Armstrong would have contested the USADA charges, all of the evidence would have been presented in an open legal proceeding for him to challenge. He chose not to do this knowing these sanctions would immediately be put into place.
The evidence against Lance Armstrong arose from disclosures made to USADA by more than a dozen witnesses who agreed to testify and provide evidence about their first-hand experience and/or knowledge of the doping activity of those involved in the USPS Conspiracy as well as analytical data. As part of the investigation Mr. Armstrong was invited to meet with USADA and be truthful about his time on the USPS team but he refused.
On June 12, 2012, USADA issued a notice letter informing Mr. Armstrong and five other individuals, including the USPS team director, team trainer and three team doctors, of USADA’s intent to open proceedings against them. On June 28, 2012, following a review process set forth in the applicable rules, USADA notified Mr. Armstrong and the other five individuals that the independent review panel’s finding confirmed sufficient and in fact overwhelming evidence, and that USADA was charging them with rule violations.
Numerous witnesses provided evidence to USADA based on personal knowledge acquired, either through direct observation of doping activity by Armstrong,or through Armstrong’s admissions of doping to them that Armstrong used EPO, blood transfusions, testosterone and cortisone during the period from before 1998 through 2005, and that he had previously used EPO, testosterone and hGH through 1996. Witnesses also provided evidence that Lance Armstrong gave to them, encouraged them to use and administered doping products or methods, including EPO, blood transfusions, testosterone and cortisone during the period from 1999 through 2005. Additionally, scientific data showed Mr. Armstrong’s use of blood manipulation including EPO or blood transfusions during Mr. Armstrong’s comeback to cycling in the 2009 Tour de France.
The anti-doping rule violations for which Mr. Armstrong is being sanctioned are:
(1) Use and/or attempted use of prohibited substances and/or methods including EPO, blood transfusions, testosterone, corticosteroids and masking agents.
(2) Possession of prohibited substances and/or methods including EPO, blood transfusions and related equipment (such as needles, blood bags, storage containers and other transfusion equipment and blood parameters measuring devices), testosterone, corticosteroids and masking agents.
(3) Trafficking of EPO, testosterone, and corticosteroids.
(4) Administration and/or attempted administration to others of EPO, testosterone, and cortisone.
(5) Assisting, encouraging, aiding, abetting, covering up and other complicity involving one or more anti-doping rule violations and/or attempted anti-doping rule violations.
These activities are defined as anti-doping rule violations under the USADA Protocol for Olympic and Paralympic Movement Testing, the United States Olympic Committee National Anti-Doping Policies, USA Cycling rules and the International Cycling Union (UCI) Anti-Doping Rules (UCI ADR), all of which have adopted the World Anti-Doping Code (Code) and the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Prohibited List.
In accordance with the Code, aggravating circumstances including involvement in multiple anti-doping rule violations and participation in a sophisticated doping scheme and conspiracy as well as trafficking, administration and/or attempted administration of a prohibited substance or method, justify a period of ineligibility greater than the standard sanction. Accordingly, Mr. Armstrong has received a lifetime period of ineligibility for his numerous anti-doping rule violations, including his involvement in trafficking and administering doping products to others. A lifetime period of ineligibility as described in the Code prevents Mr. Armstrong from participating in any activity or competition organized by any signatory to the Code or any member of any signatory.
In addition to the lifetime ban, Mr. Armstrong will be disqualified from any and all competitive results obtained on and subsequent to August 1, 1998, including forfeiture of any medals, titles, winnings, finishes, points and prizes.
As noted above, Mr. Armstrong challenged the arbitration process in federal court. In response, the court found that “the USADA arbitration rules, which largely follow those of the American Arbitration Association (AAA) are sufficiently robust to satisfy the requirements of due process.” USADA’s rules provide that where an athlete or other person is sanctioned because they fail to contest USADA’s charges in arbitration, the sanction shall not be reopened or subject to appeal unless the athlete or other person can demonstrate that he did not receive actual or constructive notice of the opportunity to contest the sanction. Because Mr. Armstrong could have had a hearing before neutral arbitrators to contest USADA’s evidence and sanction and he voluntarily chose not to do so, USADA’s sanction is final.
In an effort to aid athletes, as well as all support team members such as parents and coaches, in understanding the rules applicable to them, USADA provides comprehensive instruction on its website on the testing process and prohibited substances, how to obtain permission to use a necessary medication, and the risks and dangers of taking supplements as well as performance-enhancing and recreational drugs. In addition, the agency manages a drug reference hotline, Drug Reference Online (www.GlobalDRO.com), conducts educational sessions with National Governing Bodies and their athletes, and proactively distributes a multitude of educational materials, such as the Prohibited List, easy-reference wallet cards, periodic newsletters, and protocol and policy reference documentation.
USADA is responsible for the testing and results management process for athletes in the U.S. Olympic and Paralympic Movement, and is equally dedicated to preserving the integrity of sport through research initiatives and educational programs.
24.08.2012: Lance Armstrong Receives Lifetime Ban And Disqualification Of Competitive Results For Doping Violations Stemming From His Involvement In The United States Postal Service Pro-Cycling Team Doping Conspiracy
USADA announced today that Lance Armstrong has chosen not to move forward with the independent arbitration process and as a result has received a lifetime period of ineligibility and disqualification of all competitive results from August 1, 1998 through the present, as the result of his anti-doping rule violations stemming from his involvement in the United States Postal Service (USPS) Cycling Team Doping Conspiracy (USPS Conspiracy).
Following the dismissal of Mr. Armstrong’s lawsuit on Monday, August 20, 2012, by the federal court in Austin, Texas, Mr. Armstrong had until midnight on Thursday, August 23, to contest the evidence against him in a full evidentiary hearing with neutral arbitrators as provided by U.S. law. However, when given the opportunity to challenge the evidence against him, and with full knowledge of the consequences, Mr. Armstrong chose not to contest the fact that he engaged in doping violations from at least August 1, 1998 and participated in a conspiracy to cover up his actions. As a result of Mr. Armstrong’s decision, USADA is required under the applicable rules, including the World Anti-Doping Code under which he is accountable, to disqualify his competitive results and suspend him from all future competition.
“Nobody wins when an athlete decides to cheat with dangerous performance enhancing drugs, but clean athletes at every level expect those of us here on their behalf, to pursue the truth to ensure the win-at-all-cost culture does not permanently overtake fair, honest competition” said USADA CEO, Travis T. Tygart. “Any time we have overwhelming proof of doping, our mandate is to initiate the case through the process and see it to conclusion as was done in this case.”
As is every athlete’s right, if Mr. Armstrong would have contested the USADA charges, all of the evidence would have been presented in an open legal proceeding for him to challenge. He chose not to do this knowing these sanctions would immediately be put into place.
The evidence against Lance Armstrong arose from disclosures made to USADA by more than a dozen witnesses who agreed to testify and provide evidence about their first-hand experience and/or knowledge of the doping activity of those involved in the USPS Conspiracy as well as analytical data. As part of the investigation Mr. Armstrong was invited to meet with USADA and be truthful about his time on the USPS team but he refused.
On June 12, 2012, USADA issued a notice letter informing Mr. Armstrong and five other individuals, including the USPS team director, team trainer and three team doctors, of USADA’s intent to open proceedings against them. On June 28, 2012, following a review process set forth in the applicable rules, USADA notified Mr. Armstrong and the other five individuals that the independent review panel’s finding confirmed sufficient and in fact overwhelming evidence, and that USADA was charging them with rule violations.
Numerous witnesses provided evidence to USADA based on personal knowledge acquired, either through direct observation of doping activity by Armstrong,or through Armstrong’s admissions of doping to them that Armstrong used EPO, blood transfusions, testosterone and cortisone during the period from before 1998 through 2005, and that he had previously used EPO, testosterone and hGH through 1996. Witnesses also provided evidence that Lance Armstrong gave to them, encouraged them to use and administered doping products or methods, including EPO, blood transfusions, testosterone and cortisone during the period from 1999 through 2005. Additionally, scientific data showed Mr. Armstrong’s use of blood manipulation including EPO or blood transfusions during Mr. Armstrong’s comeback to cycling in the 2009 Tour de France.
The anti-doping rule violations for which Mr. Armstrong is being sanctioned are:
(1) Use and/or attempted use of prohibited substances and/or methods including EPO, blood transfusions, testosterone, corticosteroids and masking agents.
(2) Possession of prohibited substances and/or methods including EPO, blood transfusions and related equipment (such as needles, blood bags, storage containers and other transfusion equipment and blood parameters measuring devices), testosterone, corticosteroids and masking agents.
(3) Trafficking of EPO, testosterone, and corticosteroids.
(4) Administration and/or attempted administration to others of EPO, testosterone, and cortisone.
(5) Assisting, encouraging, aiding, abetting, covering up and other complicity involving one or more anti-doping rule violations and/or attempted anti-doping rule violations.
These activities are defined as anti-doping rule violations under the USADA Protocol for Olympic and Paralympic Movement Testing, the United States Olympic Committee National Anti-Doping Policies, USA Cycling rules and the International Cycling Union (UCI) Anti-Doping Rules (UCI ADR), all of which have adopted the World Anti-Doping Code (Code) and the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Prohibited List.
In accordance with the Code, aggravating circumstances including involvement in multiple anti-doping rule violations and participation in a sophisticated doping scheme and conspiracy as well as trafficking, administration and/or attempted administration of a prohibited substance or method, justify a period of ineligibility greater than the standard sanction. Accordingly, Mr. Armstrong has received a lifetime period of ineligibility for his numerous anti-doping rule violations, including his involvement in trafficking and administering doping products to others. A lifetime period of ineligibility as described in the Code prevents Mr. Armstrong from participating in any activity or competition organized by any signatory to the Code or any member of any signatory.
In addition to the lifetime ban, Mr. Armstrong will be disqualified from any and all competitive results obtained on and subsequent to August 1, 1998, including forfeiture of any medals, titles, winnings, finishes, points and prizes.
As noted above, Mr. Armstrong challenged the arbitration process in federal court. In response, the court found that “the USADA arbitration rules, which largely follow those of the American Arbitration Association (AAA) are sufficiently robust to satisfy the requirements of due process.” USADA’s rules provide that where an athlete or other person is sanctioned because they fail to contest USADA’s charges in arbitration, the sanction shall not be reopened or subject to appeal unless the athlete or other person can demonstrate that he did not receive actual or constructive notice of the opportunity to contest the sanction. Because Mr. Armstrong could have had a hearing before neutral arbitrators to contest USADA’s evidence and sanction and he voluntarily chose not to do so, USADA’s sanction is final.
In an effort to aid athletes, as well as all support team members such as parents and coaches, in understanding the rules applicable to them, USADA provides comprehensive instruction on its website on the testing process and prohibited substances, how to obtain permission to use a necessary medication, and the risks and dangers of taking supplements as well as performance-enhancing and recreational drugs. In addition, the agency manages a drug reference hotline, Drug Reference Online (www.GlobalDRO.com), conducts educational sessions with National Governing Bodies and their athletes, and proactively distributes a multitude of educational materials, such as the Prohibited List, easy-reference wallet cards, periodic newsletters, and protocol and policy reference documentation.
USADA is responsible for the testing and results management process for athletes in the U.S. Olympic and Paralympic Movement, and is equally dedicated to preserving the integrity of sport through research initiatives and educational programs.
